If a species go extinct, anything it used to eat (plants/animals) now has one less predator and their number will increase. If the increase too much unchecked by the predators they may use too many resources and cause their own starvation. Another animal might start eating them tough--since now they don't have to compete with the extinct specie anymore.
Also, any animal which was a predator to the now-extinct species has lost a food source. They may have to find something else to eat or they starve to extinction too.
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Effects_on_the_environment_when_species_extinct
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